Pharmacology - Cancer Oncology drugs

Pharmacology - Cholinergic drugs nursing RN PN NCLEX
Pharmacology - Cholinergic drugs nursing RN PN NCLEX administrator 1 Views • 2 years ago

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Chemotherapy of Malignancy l Anticancer Drugs l Pharmacology III Unit IV
Chemotherapy of Malignancy l Anticancer Drugs l Pharmacology III Unit IV administrator 0 Views • 2 years ago

Chemotherapy of Malignancy l Anticancer Drugs l Pharmacology
What Is Cancer?

In the most basic terms, cancer refers to cells that grow out-of-control and invade other tissues. Cells may become cancerous due to the accumulation of defects, or mutations, in their DNA. Certain inherited genetic defects (for example, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations) and infections can increase the risk of cancer. Environmental factors (for example, air pollution) and poor lifestyle choices—such as smoking and heavy alcohol use—can also damage DNA and lead to cancer.

Most of the time, cells are able to detect and repair DNA damage. If a cell is severely damaged and cannot repair itself, it usually undergoes so-called programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cancer occurs when damaged cells grow, divide, and spread abnormally instead of self-destructing as they should.

Malignant Tumors
Malignant tumors have the ability to spread and invade other tissues. This process, known as metastasis, is a key feature of cancer. There are many different types of malignancy based on where a cancer tumor originates.

What Causes Cancer?

Certain genes control the life cycle—the growth, function, division, and death—of a cell. When these genes are damaged, the balance between normal cell growth and death is lost. Cancer cells are caused by DNA damage and out-of-control cell growth. The following is a partial list of factors known to damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer:


Mutations Cause
Genetic mutations may cause cancer. For example, mutations of genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (linked to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers) can inhibit the body's ability to safe-guard and repair DNA. Copies of these mutated genes can be passed on genetically to future generations, leading to a genetically-inherited increased risk of cancer.

Cancer Symptoms and Signs

There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Every cancer and every individual is unique. Cancer symptoms and signs depend on the size and location of the cancer as well as the presence or absence of metastasis.


Common Cancer Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs of cancer may include:

Fever
Pain
Fatigue
Skin changes (redness, sores that won't heal, jaundice, darkening)
Unintended weight loss or weight gain
Other more obvious signs of cancer may include:

Lumps or tumors (mass)
Difficulty swallowing
Changes or difficulties with bowel or bladder function
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Short of breath
Chest pain
Unexplained bleeding or discharge

#chemotherapyofmalignancy #anticancerdrug #pharmacology #malignancy

Stages of Cancer: Tumor Staging and Grading TNM System Nursing NCLEX Review
Stages of Cancer: Tumor Staging and Grading TNM System Nursing NCLEX Review administrator 4 Views • 2 years ago

Stages of cancer explained using the TNM system for nurses, nursing / healthcare students, as well as an oncology NCLEX review.

Cancer Stages Quiz:
https://www.registerednursern.....com/cancer-staging-a
Notes: https://www.registerednursern.....com/cancer-classific

Cancer can be graded and staged. These two terms each have different meanings and as the nurse you want to be familiar with the definition and the lingo used to communicate the grade and stage of your patient’s cancer.

The tumor grades of low to high can be given numerical values to reflect this rating, but it’s important to note that some forms of cancer have they own grading systems, like breast cancer which uses the Nottingham system.

Grade I: well differentiated, low grade
Grade II: moderately differentiated, intermediate grade…cells have some differentiation
Grade III: poorly differentiated, high grade
Grade IV: undifferentiated, high grade…cells are extremely abnormal

Tumor staging tells about the main tumor (location, size) and if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body like the lymph nodes or other organs.

One system you want to be familiar with as the nurse is the TNM staging system. This system is used to stage cancers with solid tumors like found in colon cancer and other types. TNM stands for tumor, nodal involvement, and metastasis.

The TNM system is used to calculate the stage of cancer. Here are the stages of cancer in this rating system:

Stage 0 cancer
Stage 1 cancer
Stage 2 cancer
Stage 3 cancer
Stage 4 cancer

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