Elevator pitch: Auriana Arabpour explains how she studies a unique germ cell development model in a dish to develop a pipeline that can screen a person’s ability to produce their own germ cells, which give rise to eggs or sperm, using only their stem cells.

She hopes this work will ultimately allow people experiencing infertility, cancer survivors, same-sex couples or those aiming to start a family later in life to have biologically related children of their own one day.

Arabpour is a graduate student in the lab of Amander Clark, Ph.D., and a UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center trainee.

Learn more: https://stemcell.ucla.edu/
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Dr. Ebraheim’s educational animated video describes the condition of Giant Cell Tumor.

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A giant cell tumor is a benign, locally aggressive tumor with bone destruction and with malignant potential. Giant cell tumors occur more in females and usually occur in skeletally mature patients. Giant cell tumors occur more in the distal femur, but they can occur in the proximal tibia, distal radius, proximal humerus, hand, spine (vertebral body), and the sacrum. When a giant cell tumor occurs in the sacrum, it occurs in the Ala, which is different from chordomas which occur in the midline of the sacrum. A giant cell tumor is an eccentric lesion that is lytic or radiolucent, and lies within the epiphysis/metaphysis area of the bone.
Plain x-rays are usually diagnostic and the lesion is usually geographic. This rumor rarely extends to the articular cartilage; however, it can break through the cortex into the surrounding tissues. Pulmonary metastases occur in about 2% and theses lesions are usually benign. Get chest x-rays or Ct scans of the chest as part of the diagnostic workup.
In pathology, the giant cell tumor contains large multinucleated giant cells in addition to mononuclear stromal cells. The stroma cells look like the nuclei of the giant cells. The mononuclear stromal cells are the neoplastic cells. The giant cells are similar to osteoclasts and are directed through RANKL pathways to cause bone destruction. The tumor may have secondary Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) component.
The physician should rule out hyperparathyroidism or Brown Tumor. With multiple lesions (multiple giant cells) and in hyperparathyroidism, the serum calcium level is high. Giant cell tumors can appear in other pathological conditions, such as aneurysmal bone cysts, fractures, and chondroblastomas. If you see giant cells under the microscope, this does not mean that the patient has a giant cell tumor. Epiphyseal tumors such as chondroblastoma (young patients) and clear-cell chondrosarcoma (adult patients) should be ruled out as well. In the sacrum, you need to differentiate a Giant Cell Tumor from Chordoma. Chordoma will have a central location.
Primary malignant giant cell tumors have a greater chance of metastasis. This tumor behaves like an osteosarcoma with an abundance of giant cells (it is a different type of tumor). Metastasis can occur in about 5% of cases. Secondary malignant giant cell tumors can occur following radiation or following unsuccessful attempts at removal of the giant cell tumor with recurrence. When there is recurrence of the tumor, you will see the radiolucent zone and then biopsy the tumor again.
Medical treatment consists of bisphosphonate and denosumab (will act on the RANK pathway). Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that is used in recurrent disease and when wide resection may cause significant morbidity. Denosumab is used in unresectable Giant Cell Tumors or when there is recurrence, or when the tumor is aggressive. Aggressive curettage and the use of the adjuvant (can be phenol, hydrogen peroxide, or cryotherapy). The adjuvant decreases the microscopic disease and reduces the recurrence. After the aggressive curettage, the defect can be filled with bone graft or cement, plus or minus fixation. Resection and reconstruction is usually done in aggressive lesion if the tumor erodes or extends to the soft tissues, or in recurrent cases. Resection and reconstruction can also be done when there is involvement of the subchondral bone.

The 3rd Annual UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute (CDI) Symposium was held at UCLA on May 26, 2016 to generate cross-campus collaborations to advance translational child health research. The UCLA CDI Institute is the research home of the Pediatrics Department.

Learn more at www.uclahealth.org/cdi/annual-symposium

Happy patient after #GCT #GiantCellTumour #bone Tumour #knee treatment @bonecancerclinic #drrajatgupta

Young female with Giant cell tumour of knee ( distal femur) which came back (recurred) after previous failed surgery done elsewhere, managed with wide resection distal femur plus megaprosthesis reconstruction by Dr Rajat Gupta at Bone Cancer Clinic

Bone Cancer Clinic
SCO 141
Sector 14
Panchkula
Chandigarh tricity

Contact : +91-930372264

Website : www.curebonecancer.com

Germ cell tumor | AMC interview questions | Army Doctor | CAPF | MNS Nursing | Interview Guide
Germ cells are the reproductive cells in an unborn baby. In boys, the cells make sperm and in girls, they make eggs
Watch more such videos
Doctor & nurse Interviews l Army Doctor: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLtsABiq2QRo

What Are Germ Cells?
Germ cells are the reproductive cells in an unborn baby. In boys, the cells make sperm and in girls, they make eggs.


Before they settle into the reproductive organs, germ cells develop along the baby's "midline." This is the area where the stomach and other internal organs will lie.

What Are Germ Cell Tumors?
Germ cells that grow in an unusual way can become a tumor . Often, these tumors form in the ovaries or testes. Because the germ cells travel along the midline to reach the reproductive organs as a fetus grows, they can sometimes settle in other places.

The most common sites for germ cell tumors outside of the reproductive organs are:

in part of the chest between the breastplate and spine
the tailbone
abdomen (belly)
pelvis
Sometimes, a tumor can develop in the middle part of the brain.

What Are the Types of Germ Cell Tumors?
Like tumors that form in other places in the body, germ cell tumors can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common types of germ cell tumors include:

Teratomas. These tumors are benign, but can become malignant. Teratomas are the most common type of germ cell tumor to develop in extragonadal (not in the ovary or testes) areas. Doctors usually treat teratomas with surgery because chemotherapy doesn't work in a benign tumor.

Germinomas. These malignant tumors are also called dysgerminomas when they're in the ovary, or seminomas when they're in the testes. They also can be in the middle part of the brain.

Yolk sac tumor (also called endodermal sinus tumor). These malignant tumors most often develop in the ovaries, testes, or tailbone.

Embryonal carcinoma. These malignant tumors usually form in the testicle of an adolescent boy, but can spread (metastasize ) to other places in the body.

Choriocarcinoma. This malignant tumor usually forms in the placenta during pregnancy and can affect both the mother and child.

What Causes Germ Cell Tumors?
The cause of most germ cell tumors isn't always known. Doctors do know that some medical conditions can make children more likely to develop them. These include:

birth defects that involve the central nervous system, genitals, urinary tract, and spine
genetic conditions that cause missing or extra sex chromosomes
Boys with undescended testicles (testes that stay up inside the pelvis) also seem to be at a higher risk for a germ cell tumor.

What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Germ Cell Tumors?
Early on, a child with a benign or malignant germ cell tumor might have few symptoms or none at all. As the tumor grows, a mass (lump) may be felt. It also might cause symptoms as it presses against organs in the body.

Depending on where the tumor is, it can cause symptoms like:

constipation or trouble holding pee if the tumor is in the pelvis
leg weakness if the tumor presses on the nerves at the bottom of the spine
a testicle of an unusual shape or size