Mouth Cancer : Causes and Symptoms

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Mouth cancer is cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth or throat. It belongs to a larger group of cancers called head and neck cancers. Most develop in the squamous cells found in your mouth, tongue, and lips.

Types of oral cancers:
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Oral cancers include cancers of the:

lips
tongue
inner lining of the cheek
gums
floor of the mouth
hard and soft palate

Your dentist is often the first healthcare provider to notice signs of oral cancer. Getting biannual dental checkups can keep your dentist up to date on the health of your mouth.

Risk factors for developing oral cancer:
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One of the biggest risk factors for oral cancer is tobacco use. This includes smoking cigarettes, cigars, and pipes, as well as chewing tobacco.

People who consume large amounts of alcohol and tobacco are at an even greater risk, especially when both products are used on a regular basis.

Other risk factors include:

human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
chronic facial sun exposure
a previous diagnosis of oral cancer
a family history of oral or other types of cancer
a weakened immune system
poor nutrition
genetic syndromes
being male
Men are twice as likely to get oral cancer as women are.
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What are symptoms of oral cancer?
Symptoms of oral cancer include:

a sore on your lip or mouth that won’t heal
a mass or growth anywhere in your mouth
bleeding from your mouth
loose teeth
pain or difficulty swallowing
trouble wearing dentures
a lump in your neck
an earache that won’t go away
dramatic weight loss
lower lip, face, neck, or chin numbness
white, red and white, or red patches in or on your mouth or lips
a sore throat
jaw pain or stiffness
tongue pain

Some of these symptoms, such as a sore throat or an earache, may indicate other conditions. However, if you notice any of these symptoms, especially if they don’t go away or you have more than one at a time, visit your dentist or doctor as soon as possible.
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How is oral cancer diagnosed?
First, your doctor or dentist will perform a physical exam. This includes closely examining the roof and floor of your mouth, the back of your throat, tongue, and cheeks, and the lymph nodes in your neck. If your doctor cannot determine why you’re having your symptoms, you may be referred to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

If your doctor finds any tumors, growths, or suspicious lesions, they’ll perform a brush biopsy or a tissue biopsy. A brush biopsy is a painless test that collects cells from the tumor by brushing them onto a slide. A tissue biopsy involves removing a piece of the tissue so it can be examined under a microscope for cancerous cells.

In addition, your doctor may perform one or more of the following tests:

X-rays to see if cancer cells have spread to the jaw, chest, or lungs
a CT scan to reveal any tumors in your mouth, throat, neck, lungs, or elsewhere in your body
a PET scan to determine if the cancer has traveled to lymph nodes or other organs
a MRI scan to show a more accurate image of the head and neck, and determine the extent or stage of the cancer
an endoscopy to examine the nasal passages, sinuses, inner throat, windpipe, and trachea
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What are the stages of oral cancer?
There are four stages of oral cancer.

Stage 1: The tumor is 2 centimeters (cm) or smaller, and the cancer hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage 2: The tumor is between 2-4 cm, and cancer cells haven’t spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage 3: The tumor is either larger than 4 cm and hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes, or is any size and has spread to one lymph node, but not to other parts of the body.
Stage 4: Tumors are any size and the cancer cells have spread to nearby tissues, the lymph nodes, or other parts of the body.

-83 percent, for localized cancer (that hasn’t spread)
-64 percent, for cancer that’s spread to nearby lymph nodes
-38 percent, for cancer that’s spread to other parts of the body

Overall, 60 percent of all people with oral cancer will survive for five years or more. The earlier the stage at diagnosis, the higher the chance of survival after treatment. In fact, the five-year overall survival rate in those with stage 1 and 2 oral cancers is typically 70 to 90 percent. This makes timely diagnosis and treatment all the more important.

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• Category

  Mouth Cancer