Gastric carcinoma - stomach cancer - cancer stomach types-stomach malignancy

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach.[11] Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes including gastric adenocarcinomas.[2] Lymphomas and mesenchymal tumors may also develop in the stomach.[2] Early symptoms may include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea and loss of appetite.[1] Later signs and symptoms may include weight loss, yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, vomiting, difficulty swallowing and blood in the stool among others.[1] The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen and lymph nodes.[12]

The most common cause is infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which accounts for more than 60% of cases.[2][3][13] Certain types of H. pylori have greater risks than others.[2] Smoking, dietary factors such as pickled vegetables and obesity are other risk factors.[2][4] About 10% of cases run in families, and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to genetic syndromes inherited from a person's parents such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer.[2] Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years.[2] Diagnosis is usually by biopsy done during endoscopy.[1] This is followed by medical imaging to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body.[1] Japan and South Korea, two countries that have high rates of the disease, screen for stomach cancer.[2]

A Mediterranean diet lowers the risk of stomach cancer, as does the stopping of smoking.[2][5] There is tentative evidence that treating H. pylori decreases the future risk.[2][5] If stomach cancer is treated early, it can be cured.[2] Treatments may include some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy.[1][14] If treated late, palliative care may be advised.[2] Some types of lymphoma can be cured by eliminating H. pylori.[15] Outcomes are often poor, with a less than 10% five-year survival rate in the Western world for advanced cases.[6] This is largely because most people with the condition present with advanced disease.[6] In the United States, five-year survival is 31.5%,[7] while in South Korea it is over 65% and Japan over 70%, partly due to screening efforts.[2][8]

Globally, stomach cancer is the fifth leading type of cancer and the third leading cause of death from cancer, making up 7% of cases and 9% of deaths.[16] In 2018, it newly occurred in 1.03 million people and caused 783,000 deaths.[10] Before the 1930s, in much of the world, including most Western developed countries, it was the most common cause of death from cancer.[17][18][19] Rates of death have been decreasing in many areas of the world since then.[2] This is believed to be due to the eating of less salted and pickled foods as a result of the development of refrigeration as a method of keeping food fresh.[20] Stomach cancer occurs most commonly in East Asia and Eastern Europe.[2] It occurs twice as often in males as in females
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#stomach_cancer
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• Category

  Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer