bone cancer treatment

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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
1:58 Causes of Bone Cancer
2:26 Symptoms of Bone Cancer
2:45 Diagnosis of Bone Cancer
4:13 Treatment of Bone Cancer

A bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).[1][4] Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate.[1] There may be a lump, pain, or neurological signs from pressure.[1] A bone tumor might present with a pathologic fracture.[1] Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia and nausea.[2][3] Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.[2][3]

Diagnosis is generally by X-ray and other radiological tests such as CT scan, MRI, PET scan and bone scintigraphy.[1] Blood tests might include a complete blood count, inflammatory markers, serum electrophoresis, PSA, kidney function and liver function.[1] Urine may be sent for Bence Jones protein.[1] For confirmation of diagnosis, a biopsy for histological evaluation might be required.[1]

The most common bone tumor is a non-ossifying fibroma.[4] Average five-year survival in the United States after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%.[5] The earliest known bone tumor was an osteosarcoma in a foot bone discovered in South Africa, between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago.[6]

Dr. Anil Mandhani, Executive Director, Urology, Robotic Surgery, Uro-oncology & Renal Transplant, Fortis Hospital, Gurugram, talks about bladder cancer and its effects. He highlights how this form of cancer can be identified and treated.



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#BladderCancer #Treatment

Dr. Peter Black, MD, discusses the benefits and limitations of the currently FDA approved and commercially available urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer, including UroVysion FISH, ImmunoCyt, AssureMDx, and CxBladder. He defines the yet-to-be-developed “ideal” marker, which would reduce the need for other diagnostic tests, have a high sensitivity and specificity rate, and be cost-effective for patients. Also, he discusses when it is possible to use markers in place of cystoscopy.

Ms. Kanta Devi's suffering was unexplainable. At Ayu Health Hospital Dr. Gaurav Sharma, a Urologist & Andrologist diagnosed her condition as Muscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma (MIBC) and performed the surgery with great success. A 56 years old Kanta Devi was suffering from blood and clots in urine for 6 months. Ultrasonography was done and we found a large bladder tumor of more than 5 cm with right Hydroureteronephrosis (HDUN) and Left atrophic kidney. Her serum creatinine was 4.5 mg/dl. Resection of bladder tumor was done and a sample was sent for histopathology which revealed poorly differentiated muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma with squamous cell component. After extensive workup, we diagnosed her with muscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma (MIBC) [T3b N3 M0 ] with Right Hydroureteronephrosis with Chronic Kidney Disease and a non-functioning Left Kidney. She underwent multiple attempts of Right Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy insertion but eventually, there was misplaced nephrostomy due to poor nephrostomy care. Our team of Specialists discussed the case in the tumor board and decided to treat her with Radical Cystectomy with Anterior Pelvic Exenteration with Right Cutaneous Ureterostomy. The surgery went well and in her postoperative period, the patient is doing well and taking care of her Ureterostomy by herself. Her urine output and serum creatinine and gradually came close to the normal range.

This video explains what advanced bladder cancer is and how it is different than others types of bladder cancer.