Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin.[2] In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. <br /> <br />Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: female ****, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, older age, and family history. About 5–10% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person&#039;s parents, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 among others. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. In addition, there are more than 18 other sub-types of breast cancer. Some cancers develop from pre-invasive lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ.[4] The diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by taking a biopsy of the concerning lump. Once the diagnosis is made, further tests are done to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the breast and which treatments it may respond to. <br /> <br />The balance of benefits versus harms of breast cancer screening is controversial. A 2013 Cochrane review stated that it is unclear if mammographic screening does more good or harm.A 2009 review for the US Preventive Services Task Force found evidence of benefit in those 40 to 70 years of age,[6] and the organization recommends screening every two years in women 50 to 74 years old.The medications tamoxifen or raloxifene may be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer in those who are at high risk of developing it.Surgical removal of both **** is another preventative measure in some high risk women.[4] In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted therapy.Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy.Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort. <br /> <br />Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, extent of disease, and person&#039;s age.Survival rates in the developed world are high, with between 80% and 90% of those in England and the United States alive for at least 5 years. In developing countries survival rates are poorer.Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases.In 2012 it resulted in 1.68 million cases and 522,000 deaths. It is more common in developed countries and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-cancer.html<br /><br />What Is Breast Cancer?<br /><br />Breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the breast. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. (To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?)<br /><br />Breast cancer cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. Breast cancer occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get breast cancer, too.<br /><br />It’s important to understand that most breast lumps are benign and not cancer (malignant). Non-cancerous breast tumors are abnormal growths, but they do not spread outside of the breast. They are not life threatening, but some types of benign breast lumps can increase a woman&#039;s risk of getting breast cancer. Any breast lump or change needs to be checked by a health care professional to determine if it is benign or malignant (cancer) and if it might affect your future cancer risk. See Non-cancerous Breast Conditions to learn more.<br /><br />Where breast cancer starts<br /><br />Breast cancers can start from different parts of the breast.<br /><br />Most breast cancers begin in the ducts that carry milk to the nipple (ductal cancers)<br />Some start in the glands that make breast milk (lobular cancers)<br />There are also other types of breast cancer that are less common like phyllodes tumor and angiosarcoma<br />A small number of cancers start in other tissues in the breast. These cancers are called sarcomas and lymphomas and are not really thought of as breast cancers.<br /><br />Although many types of breast cancer can cause a lump in the breast, not all do. See Breast Cancer Signs and Symptoms to learn what you should watch for and report to a health care provider. Many breast cancers are also found on screening mammograms, which can detect cancers at an earlier stage, often before they can be felt, and before symptoms develop.<br /><br />Types of breast cancer<br /><br />There are many different types of breast cancer and common ones include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma. Others, like phyllodes tumors and angiosarcoma are less common.<br /><br />Once a biopsy is done, breast cancer cells are tested for proteins called estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and HER2. The tumor cells are also closely looked at in the lab to find out what grade it is. The specific proteins found and the tumor grade can help decide treatment options.<br /><br />To learn more about specific types of breast cancer and tests done on the breast cancer cells, see Understanding a Breast Cancer Diagnosis.<br /><br />How breast cancer spreads<br /><br />Breast cancer can spread when the cancer cells get into the blood or lymph system and are carried to other parts of the body.<br /><br />The lymph system is a network of lymph (or lymphatic) vessels found throughout the body that connects lymph nodes (small bean-shaped collections of immune system cells). The clear fluid inside the lymph vessels, called lymph, contains tissue by-products and waste material, as well as immune system cells. The lymph vessel

Bronchoscopic techniques for early detection of lung cancer are a promising tool as they might allow to visualize changes of early lung cancer and also permit sampling for histological confirmation. It is important to detect bronchial carcinoma in situ (CIS) since over 40%of these can develop into invasive cancer. <br />For more details, <br />Visit: http://bit.ly/2qg4W7t <br />Email: info@pathsos.net

What Is Gallbladder Cancer?<br />Cancer starts when cells in the body start to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other parts. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?<br /><br />Gallbladder cancer starts in the gallbladder. To understand this cancer, it helps to know about the gallbladder and what it does.<br /><br />About the gallbladder<br />The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ under the liver. Both the liver and the gallbladder are behind the right lower ribs. In adults, the gallbladder is usually about 3 to 4 inches long and normally no wider than an inch.<br /><br /><br />color illustration of the digestive system which shows the location of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, ****, colon, small intestine, gallbladder and liver<br />The gallbladder concentrates and stores bile, a fluid made in the liver. Bile helps digest the fats in foods as they p**** through the small intestine. Bile is made by the liver and is either sent into ducts that carry it to the small intestine, or stored in the gallbladder and released later.<br /><br />When food (especially fatty food) is being digested, the gallbladder squeezes and sends bile through a small tube called the cystic duct. The cystic duct joins up with the common hepatic duct (which comes from the liver) to form the common bile duct. The common bile duct joins with the main duct from the pancreas (the pancreatic duct) to empty into the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum) at the ampulla of Vater.<br /><br /><br />illustration showing the location of the common bile duct, liver, pancreas, pancreatic duct, am**** of vater, duodenum, gallbladder, cystic duct, right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct and common hepatic duct<br />The gallbladder helps digest food, but you don&#039;t need it to live. Many people have their gallbladders removed and go on to live normal lives.<br /><br />Types of gallbladder cancers<br />Gallbladder cancers rare and nearly all of them are adenocarcinomas. An adenocarcinoma is a cancer that starts in gland-like cells that line many surfaces of the body, including the inside the digestive system.<br /><br />Papillary adenocarcinoma or just papillary cancer is a rare type of gallbladder adenocarcinoma that deserves special mention. The cells in these gallbladder cancers are arranged in finger-like projections. In general, papillary cancers are less likely to spread into the liver or nearby lymph nodes. They tend to have a better prognosis (outlook) than most other kinds of gallbladder adenocarcinomas.<br /><br />Other types of cancer can start in the gallbladder, such as adenosquamous carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas, but these are very rare.

What Is Bile Duct Cancer?<br />Cancer starts when cells in the body start to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer, and can spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?<br /><br />Bile duct cancer starts in a bile duct. To understand this cancer, it helps to know about the bile ducts and what they normally do.<br /><br />About the bile ducts<br /><br />color illustration of the digestive system which shows the location of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, ****, colon, small intestine, gallbladder and liver<br />The bile ducts are a series of thin tubes that go from the liver to the small intestine. Their major job is to move a fluid called bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine, where it helps digest the fats in food.<br /><br /><br />illustration showing the location of the common bile duct, liver, pancreas, pancreatic duct, am**** of vater, duodenum, gallbladder, cystic duct, right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct and common hepatic duct<br />Different parts of the bile duct system have different names. In the liver it begins as many tiny tubes (called ductules) where bile collects from the liver cells. The ductules come together to form tubes called small ducts. These merge into larger ducts and then the left and right hepatic ducts. All of these ducts within the liver are called intrahepatic bile ducts.<br /><br />The left and right hepatic ducts exit the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct in an area called the hilum. Lower down, the gallbladder (a small organ that stores bile) is joined to the common hepatic duct by a small duct called the cystic duct. This combined duct is called the common bile duct. The common bile duct p****es through part of the pancreas before it joins with the pancreatic duct and empties into the first part of the small intestine (the duodenum) at the ampulla of Vater.<br /><br />Types of bile duct cancers by location<br />Cancer can start in any part of the bile duct system. Based on where the cancers are (see the picture below), they&#039;re grouped into 3 types:<br /><br />Intrahepatic bile duct cancers<br />Perihilar (also called hilar) bile duct cancers<br />Distal bile duct cancers<br />Another name for bile duct cancer is cholangiocarcinoma.<br /><br /><br />illustration showing the location of the common bile duct, intrahepatic bile ducts, perihilar bile ducts and distal bile ducts in relation to the liver, pancreas, gallbladder and duodenum (intestine)<br />Cholangiocarcinomas in these different groups cause different symptoms.<br /><br />Intrahepatic bile duct cancers<br />These cancers start in the smaller bile duct branches inside the liver. Sometimes they&#039;re confused with cancers that start in the liver cells, which are called hepatocellular carcinomas , which are often treated the same way.<br /><br />Perihilar (also called hilar) bile duct cancers<br />These cancers start at the hilum, where the left and right hepatic ducts have joined and are just leaving the liver. These are also called Klatskin tumors. These cancers are grouped with

Tari King, MD, and Elizabeth Ann Mittendorf, MD, PhD, co-directors of the Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) Program at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, discuss DCIS, including treatment options and opportunities to parti****te in research.

DCIS is the earliest form of breast cancer where the abnormal cells are confined within the milk duct of the breast. DCIS is sometimes referred to as stage 0 cancer, non-invasive breast cancer, or pre-cancer.

To learn more about the DCIS Program, visit www.dana-farber.org/ductal-car....cinoma-in-situ-progr

Join Dr. Swati Kulkarni, FACS, Breast Surgery, Northwestern Medicine, and Professor of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, to learn about the management and treatment of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)—the presence of abnormal cells inside a milk duct in the breast.

DCIS is considered the earliest form of breast cancer. DCIS is noninvasive, meaning it hasn&#039;t spread outside of the milk duct. While DCIS isn&#039;t an emergency, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.

According the American Cancer Society, "About 1 in 5 new breast cancers will be ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Nearly all women with this early stage of breast cancer can be cured."

► For more information about "The Promise Study" for women with newly diagnosed Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS), which was mentioned by Dr. Kulkarni, visit Facebook.com/ThePromiseStudy.

► For a helpful visual of DCIS and IDC that corresponds with Dr. Kulkarni&#039;s presentation, visit http://bit.ly/LW_DCIS.

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