Acute Leukemia : Symptoms, Risk factors, diagnosis and treatments | Dr. T. Narender Kumar |
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Acute Leukemia :
Any blood cancer with blast percentage of more than 20% is called Acute Leukemia.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is commonly seen in children between the age group of 1 to 10 years.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is commonly seen in elderly age group.
These types of blood cancers are emergency treating diseases and if you leave these patients without treatments, they might have medical complications and sometimes have infections which may lead to death, Acute Leukemia is a medical emergency and has to be treated as quickly as possible.
Common symptoms:
1) Breathlessness due to drop in haemoglobin.
2) Bleeding Symptoms due to drop in platelets.
3) Fever due to drop in white blood cells.
4) Infections because of cancer cells
5) Anemia : because of which patients can present with shortness of breath
Both AML and ALL will have similar symptoms but AML can have a different variation in the form of enlargement of spleen, enlargement of liver, It can also be in ALL but its more common in AML
Risk factors:
As such Leukemias have no risk factors ,
But ALL’s in the pediatric age group, can be associated with genetic problems, which generally is defined as Bloom syndromes and some genetic syndromes where there is high risk of blood cancers.
How is it diagnosed? What are the treatment options?
When patients present with fever, bleeding, shortness of breath, the immediate test done is a complete blood picture. So in the CBP itself 90% of the blood cancers can be diagnosed, We cant make a diagnosis of AML or ALL but can be diagnosed of acute leukemia. Once they are diagnosed or suspected to have a blood cancer they are referred to a specialist, When they reach a specialist a battery of tests are done to diagnose the type of leukemia,
The first test done is a confirmation test or a Flow Cytometry test. This test will categorize the type of cancer whether it is ALL or AML, also their sub types.
Once a subtype is diagnosed the next is a genetic test. Some molecular tests are there to look deep into the genetic changes, these tests help see the risk category, whether it is high-risk type or low-risk category type of cancer, it will not change the first month of treatment but the drugs may change depending on if it is AML or ALL. After one month of treatment, we will assess the type of cancer whether it is high low, or intermediate, and continue treatment based on that.
When diagnosed by a primary physician for risk of leukemia it is advised to immediately see a blood cancer specialist to avoid unnecessary complications and basic most common infections can also be avoided, and the outcome will be better.
by
Dr. T. Narender Kumar
Consultant Medical & Hemato Oncologist and BMT Physician
@KIMS Hospitals Secunderabad
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